White Privilege Essay Example for Free

White Privilege Es stateIn Peggy McIntoshs article White Privilege Unpacking the unseeable backpack we see detailed examples of how innocence people be extremely privileged in ways that people of a nonher(prenominal) races may never understand. withal though some quantifys we do not realize this is happening it has been seen to be true in many things throughout history and in the world today. one and only(a) of the parts of this article that caught my centerfield and made me think a bit was the list of 26 white privileges that McIntosh wrote about in her article. This list was very eye opening and made me think what I could put towards myself on this list.Even though I was born in a forgetful antithetical time that McIntosh was I was relatively aware that as a white manly I was born with a number of privileges that came with not only the color of my sputter but also by my gender, however this list did make me realize and understand some of the advantages of my skin th at I often times look over. A good example that I could use before, I chamberpott say it is so easy now, is number 17 I can remark our government and talk about how much I fear its policies and behavior without being seen as a cultural outsider.Before the election of Obama I could well criticize my government and no one would very give me a second look about it, but I do behave to say that now if I criticize my government I get called a racist, so now I kind of see better how those of a different race felt when they criticized our government and got called out about it. One thing for sure that I do have to say about this article is I could definitely tell that this article was written a good time ago. Many of the things stated in the list I felt were a little outdated especially the points that were talking about seeing mainly people of the white race in media or advertisements.Yes there was a point in time where this was very true but I feel like the world is doing a much bet ter job at representing more than scantily one race when it comes to advertisements or media. In jean-Paul Sartres antiblack and the Jew we learn a lot about how he personally feels about Anti-Semites and what his description of an Anti-Semite is. Anti-Semitism is basically the annoyance of someone who is Jewish. Sartre believes that is the Jew did not exist that the racist would invent him so they would have someone to hate.Anti-Semitism is something that was based more with the national socialists and Hitler. In my opinion I dont really see it as much now but I can ascertain plenty about it any many different books. In Sartres story he basically states that the anti-Semite had to have someone who he can feel top-hole to, which is why he states that is the Jew did not exist the anti-Semite would create him. He states that if by some miracle all of the Jews were exterminated as the anti- Semite wishes that the anti-Semite would be all alone, he would lose his sense of rights o ver the country because there would no longer be anyone to contest them.He states that the anti-Semite is in the unhappy position of having a vital need for the Jew he wishes to destroy. The anti- Semite is someone who needs a particular person to hate in order to feel superior to someone, and if all of the people that he hated were suddenly gone then he would no longer feel superior to anyone because he would then have no one to hate. In turn the anti-Semite would then have to create another thing to hate in order to bring back the feeling of superiority.This also was another one of those reading that you could tell was written a long time ago, because of the fact that we no longer see these things near as much as we see saw them in the past. Yes people do still tent to look downward(a) on Jews but it is still a particular group of people and not based on a race that has a significant hatred for another race. The anti-Semite can be looked at as a man that fears only himself and ha s to use that fear to create fear in the look of other in order to make he feel stronger and less powerless. How does Racism affect my life?I try not to let racial discrimination affect my life, in my everyday life I talk to and deal with all different kinds of races. Now I will say that as a white male I may have had a few doors open to me that other races might not have had, but on the other hand I chose to walk through the doors of the opportunities I had in order to better myself. People say that whites have had a lot more opportunity and a lot more doors open to them but I really dont believe that it is as much true now as it was many years ago.I believe that we as a society try to make certain things out to be less opportunistic than they really are so we have something to talk, complain and or fight about, but in all actuality we all have certain doors open to us it is only when a matter of whether we chose to step through the right door or not. People say that those of o ther races have had less opportunity than those who are white but lets take a look into what is available now that benefits more of those in other races than the whites.There are major colleges that are race oriented, there are many scholarships for schools that are race based and only that race can receive that scholarship. As a white male yes I do have a lot of opportunities to gain work or gain money for school through scholarships but there is not one thing have seen that is specific to whites only when it comes to education. Now dont get me wrong I know many years ago only whites could go to school here in the U. S. and it took some time to let other races into school but things have changed since then. So I would have to say that now, compared to if I was born many years ago, I do not believe racism or race plays a big grammatical constituent in my life.

Women in the Renaissance Era

Women in the rebirth Era rebirth Humanism The Feminine VoiceThe conversion Humanism, albeit a private road headed by male persons who agreed with the misogynist insights in ancient texts opened the door to the review of the misogynist tradition making it possible for the female person humanists like Isotta Nogarola, Cassandra Fedele, Laura Cereta, and Olimpia Morata et al to write ab turn out the woman question, and thus changing the notion of Humanism from it earlier misogynist approach to re-evaluation of womens nature by dis come forward household issues at the heart of academic concern and regenerating the relevant unblemished texts (Cereta, 1997). The triumph of women in Western europium and the United States originates from a movement some six hundred years ago in the era of Renaissance. This was the time when the other interpretive program, meaning the feminine voice, was first heard against the background of a three-thousand-year history of misogyny rooted in western refining, whether Hebrew, Greek, Roman or Christian. The hatred against women in these traditions suffused the intellectual, medical, legal, religious and social systems that grew during the European Middle Ages. Concurrent with a general re patternation of European culture in this early modern or Renaissance days (roughly during 1300 to 1700) issues related to female equality and opening emerged out that still echo and are still unanswered. This paper deals with the misogynistic tradition defeated by early modern Europeans and the new institution that strangled the other voice called to defy the ruling theories and conjectures about women as lesser to the male in mind and body. The long-established Misogyny in European culture broke down to appropriate to pieces when the modern period began hard task, no doubt. The progress started as part of a huge cultural movement involving a serious review of ideas authorized from the antiquated and chivalrous pastan attempt initiated by the humanists.The Renaissance, as the see suggests, was something new, according to some. The contenders hold that it fundamentally pursued medieval models revising them an idea that gets much confused with the added fact that the Renaissance in Italy was at variance from the Renaissance in other places. The Renaissance started in Italy around 1300. The first and fore virtually name associated with this movement was Dante Alighieri, the deeply religious author of spiritual parables, a dedicated catholic who used academic philosophy and was often adverse to the political set-up of the Italian church. One can easily sense from his Divine Comedy that he basically belonged to the Middle Ages except that, as distinct most lofty intellectuals, he wrote mostly in Italian rather than Latin. After him comes the named of Giovanni Boccaccio in the fourteenth century, who wrote the extremely sensational Decameron, written in Italian too. Goeffrey Chaucer in England also wrote the dirty The Canterbury Tales, most likely, which like the Decameron, was a true account of how medieval people acted. But the classic successor of Dante was Francesco Petrarch who wrote both in Italian and Latin about secular themes, even though he was deeply religious often bothering that his secular writings were a diversion from mans only right goal, that is, deliverance (Stearns, 1977). Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch designate very much in to the unearthing and safeguarding of classical full treatment. Humanist values were powerfully articulate by another Italian scholar, Pico della Mirandola, in his dissertation on the gravitas of man. Hamlets well-known speechWhat a piece of work is a man? How noble in reason, how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a godthe beauty of the world, the paragon of animalsis directly influenced Pico della Mirandolas Oration on the Dignity of Man.The humanist movement was s upplemented by the entry of Byzantine scholars to Italy after the collapse of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453 and also by the founding of the Platonic honorary society in Florence. The academy established by the 15th-century Florentine statesman and sponsor of the arts Cosimo de Medici, revitalized Platonism and changing the literature, painting, and architecture of the period. The compilation and translation of classical texts among the higher clergy and nobles, the invention of printing with variable types around the mid-15th century gave fuelled humanism to progress more through the distribution of editions of the classics in Italy though literature and art, in central Europe through theology and educationa primary basis of the Reformation.One of the most significant scholars in humanism in France was the Dutch cleric Desiderius Erasmus, who also played crucial role to spread the movement into England, firstly at the University. By the middle of the 16th century humanism had win wide acceptance as an educational system. Oxford by classical scholars like William Grocyn (1446-1519) and Thomas Linacre, and at the University of Cambridge by Erasmus and the English prelate John Fisher (1459-1535) to lastly all through English society thus making the way for the thriving of Elizabethan literature and culture (Witt, 1978).The Humanists reverence for the academic philosophy of medieval universities effected a literary flare-up consisting of whole kit and caboodle by both men and women, in Latin and in lingua francaworks detailing the attainments of prominent women, works confuting the main allegations made against women, works contending for the equal education of men and women, works labeling and reclassifying womens appropriate role in the family, at court, and in public and works limning womens lives and experiences. The proto-feminism of these other voices represents an important aspect of the literary effects of the Renaissance. Around 1365, Boccaccio w hose Corbaccio made the typical attacks against female nature wrote Concerning Famous Women, a humanist discourse establish on classical texts eulogizing distinguished women from pagan Greek, Roman ancient times, and from the religious and cultural tradition since the olden times making all readers conscious of a sex usually damned or forgot ten. However, in it, Boccaccios position was typically misogynist. The book only honored those women who maintained the conventional female qualities like virginity, quiet, and compliance. socially active women, for example, sovereigns and fighters, were portrayed as enduring appalling penalties for infringing into male-domain. Even if Boccacio chose women as his theme, he maintained his male chauvinistic attitude although in the book. Christine de Pizans Book of the city of Ladies contains a second catalogue of historied women, as a reaction to Boccaccios.Where Boccaccios book shows feminine virtue as extraordinary, her book describes it as co mmon. many an(prenominal) women in history were leaders, visionaries and valiant sufferers for a cause or stayed pure in spite of the lecherous advances from men. The work of Boccaccio enthused a run of such catalogues of famous women of the biblical, classical, Christian, and indigenous past works by Alvaro de Luna, Jacopo Filippo Foresti , Brantme, Pierre Le Moyne, PietroPaolo de Ribera (who recorded 845 names), and many others. Whatever prejudices these catalogues contained, these catalogues illustrated the public the prospect of female superiority. Yet simultaneously, questions surfaced Could a woman be moral? Could she act strikingly? Could she be as equal as a man? These questions were argued over four centuries, in French, German, Italian, Spanish, and English, by male and female authors, among Catholics, Protestants, and Jews, in tedious volumes and gusty booklets, the debate being referred as the querelle des femmes, the Woman Question. The opening torrent of this war took place in the first years of the fifteenth century, in a literary debate generated by Christine de Pizan. Humanism provided the materials for a positive counter concept to the misogyny enter in scholastic philosophy and law, and inherited from the Greek, Roman, and Christian pasts. A series of humanist treatises on marriage and family, on education and deportment, and on the nature of women helped form these new perspectives.There were, of course, views opinions by women that went against womens emerging new roles, the works by Francesco Barbaro and Leon Battista Alberti, respectively On Marriage ( 1415) and On the Family ( 1434-37), reaffirmed womens duties to look after children and bring off house hold maintenance while being submissive, virtuous, and quiet. Even then, that served the purpose of pondering over the question women by placing household matters at the focus of academe and reviving the relevant classical texts. In addition, Barbaro stressed the importance of a wife s religious and rational virtues for the happiness of the family, topics that came back in later humanist works on marriage and the education of women by Juan Luis Vives and Erasmus who were fairly sensitive to the condition of women, without taking it too far.A more constructive stance towards women was seen in the roughly unknown work In Praise of Women (ca. 1487), a catalogue of famous women, by the Italian humanist Bartolommeo Goggio where he contended that male and female are basically the same, and that women are in fact better. Almost similarly, the Italian humanist Mario Equicola stressed the sacred equality of men and women in On Women. An outlook more approbatory to women characterizes the nearly unknown work In Praise of Women (ca. 1487) by the Italian humanist Bartolommeo Goggio. In addition to providing a catalogue of illustrious women, Goggio contended hat male and female are essentially the same and that women are in fact better. Similarly, the Italian humanist Mar io Equicola stressed the divine equality of men and women in On Women ( 1501). In 1525, Galeazzo Flavio Capra (or Capella) published his work On the Excellence and Dignity of Women. This humanist tradition of discourses guarding the value of women ended in the work of Henricus Cornelius Agrippa, On the splendor and Preeminence of the Female Sex, an incomparable attempt by a male humanist to concisely or openly present the case for female self-respect. kit and caboodle written on the womens question had an extra point in the sense that volumes of them were written by women. A woman writing was in herself a annunciation of womens assertion to self-respect. Only a handful of women wrote anything before the the early modern era, for three reasonsfirst, they hardly ever had the culture that facilitated them to write, second, they were not let in to carry public roles-as officer, civil servant, lawyer or attorney, university professor where they might attain information about matters w orth writing about and lastly , the male-dominated culture suppressed the voice of women with the hidden social dictate that considered speaking her mind as a unchaste. Under such condition it was amazing for those who did write before the fourteenth century. Women writes mostly were nuns or spiritual women whose secluded life made their assertion more tolerable. From the fourteenth century on, the number increased rapidly, women went on writing devotional literature, even though not always as secluded nuns. They also wrote journals, often having it in mind as mementos for their children guides to their children letters to family members and friends and family memoirs that could as well be considered as histories of some sorts. A few women wrote works directly related to the woman question, and some of these, were well trained.While womens rights were a novel idea, educate women concentrated on another aspect of women, which is witch-hunting. There was a distinctive hostility again st witches and a number of booklets and pamphlets on instructions to protect them against witches, who were considered essentially women. The most notorious witch-hunting manual was The Hammer of Witches ( 1486), by two Dominican inquisitors, Heinrich Krmer and Jacob Sprenger. Witches were often accused of exaggerated deeds as well as delusive and lust-ridden. Hence, women were equated with the devil who held unholy powers. Of course, rational men, protested such opinion but the most believed in these. For example, the German Ulrich Molitur, the Frenchman Nicolas Rmy, the Italian Stefano Guazzo described sinister orgies with the devil and the noted French jurist, historian, and political philosopher Jean Bodin often suspended regular legal routine in order to try women charged with exceptional crime.Thus, the early Renaissance involved misogynists. Even when they followed new norms in all matters of society and philosophy, these did not include women. It was up to the women themse lves to make their new rules. They formed their own literature and culture whiles the men, even rational otherwise, had distinctive hostility. But the women slowly broke down the barriers gradually as women who were otherwise cocooned within the arena of women began to write and express themselves. Yet, the Renaissance did help women to find their own voice. Even as they have faced new challenges over the years, they have continued to struggle to make their own place up to now.BibliographyPrimary sourcesCereta, Laura. Collected Letters of a Renaissance Feminist. edited by Diana Robin. University Of Chicago Press. Chicago, 1997.dePizan, Christine. The Book of the City of Ladies. trans. Earl Jeffrey Richards Foreword Marina Warner. New York. 1982Thomson, Melissa (2005). Women of the Renaissance. lambent Books. San Diego.Zophy, Jonathon W. A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe Dances over Fire and Water. Prentice Hall 2 edition., 1998Secondary sourcesElton, G. R. (1963 ). Renaissance and Reformation. 1300-1648.Hale, J.R. (1993-1995). The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance. Simon andm Shuster. New York.Letts, Rosa Maria (1981). The Renaissance. Cambridge University Press. New York.Stearns , Peter N. The Face of Europe. Forum Press St. Louis, MO, 1977.Shakespeare, William. Hamlet edited by David Bevington Bantam, 1988.

Analysis of Bacteria Strains: Phonotypical Tests

Analysis of Bacteria Strains Phonotypical TestsKunthavai JeevananthanBacterial IdentificationAims To analyse and identify 10 diametrical strains of bacterium by conducting 19 different streamlets phonotypical tests.Bacteria also known as eu bacterium atomic account 18 microorganisms that argon invisible to the naked eye just equal in virtu bothy all environments in the world. Bacteria argon classified as part of the Monera kingdom which allow ins archae bacterium and cyanobacteria. Most bacteria be morbific or disease causing however not all bacteria are harmful as there are a number of bacteria that give the sack be found in the human body that have positive benefit to their hosts such as friender digest food, veil hormones, chemicals and vitamins required in cell metabolism and even fight off other harmful bacteria. Bacteria exist in various rod, spiral and globular shapes and are to a greater extent numerous than any other living organisms. It is important to be ab le to identify microorganisms in medical clinic in order to help selection of antibodies. Some pharmaceutical produces are also made using bacteria therefore many unknown and unidentified bacteria may be useful in the clinical industries. The taxonomy or a particular bacterial characteristic elicit be used to identify similarities that show relationships with disease colligate descriptions (Janda and Abbott, 2002). Various laboratory tests have been developed that are based on the type of nutrients a bacterium can grow on, the kind of toxins or unfounded products they produce or how much variation in growth temperature they can tolerate and their morphology can be used to speciate closely associate strains of bacteria. Rapid test kits have also been developed to identify bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae genera and other gram negative bacteria.Phonotypical approaches of identifying bacteria does not ever provide sufficient information to set taxonomic boundaries between diff erent species the repetition of several(prenominal) phenotypic characteristics make it difficult to separate them. Genotyping is however is more precise when it comes to differentiating bacteria within species that lead to the development of DNA hybridisation. This is a technique used measure the similarities in sequences between the DNA of an isolate and a known bacteria. Before conducting a phonotypical bacterial identification it is important to have a pure subtlety of the bacteria that needs to be identified so that all components of the cells have grown from a single cell and they are clones of one another also known as Holy Grail (Barrow and Feltham, 1993). The bacterial colonies formed for different types of bacteria have different cultural characteristics on agar plates known as colony morphology these include pigments, size edge, pattern, opacity and shine therefore macroscopically examining the colonies of bacterial agri endings is one of the first important tests in b acterial identification. There may be drawbacks in this technique as the visual interpretation can differ from person to person therefore it might not produce reliable results and also mutations in the bacteria strains supervene all the time that may provide slightly different characteristics than normal making difficult or incorrect identification.A number of staining methods can be used to examine the cultures under a microscope such as negative staining which stains the background and leaves the cells clear so that the shape of the bacterial cells, front man of glistening capsule and presence of a diffusive extracellular substance (EPS) around the cell and the arrangement of cells can be determined. Differential staining is a test that divides bacteria into two large groups either gram negative or gram positive. Pink- red staining indicates gram negative bacteria and a blue purple staining shows gram positive bacteria cells. Unevenly stained clear surfaces can be formed on the surface of the bacterial cells during gram staining due to the presence of endospores that can be confirmed using spore stain. Acid fast staining is also used if cells appear long, keen and intertwined in order to confirm the presence of acid fast cells which are bacteria in the genera Mycobacteria and Nocardia that are resistant to gram staining.Oxidase, catalase and the ability of the culture to grow in anaerobic conditions are three tests that are conducted during the first steps of identification. Catalase test is to dip an inoculating needle coated with culture into a droplet of hydrogen peroxide and if the bacteria possesses a catalase enzyme it will breakdown the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen that effervesce to form foam. Catalase positive bacteria are usually aerobic while catalase negative bacteria are anaerobic. Cytochrome oxidase is another enzyme found normally in the electron transport chains of an aerobic bacteria and this is tested by adding an artificial s ubstrate such as para amino dimethylaniline that will produce a dark red to black product when oxidised (Cullimore, 2000). Alongside these test the cultures can be tested on their abilities to grow under anaerobic conditions which can further divide them into 4 study groups strictly aerobic, reduced concentrations of oxygen, both aerobic and anaerobic and strictly anaerobic bacteria.Urease synthesis, gelatin hydrolysis and change state utilisation are tests that can be conducted to narrowly distinguish bacteria further to help identify their genera. Urease is produced the bacterial genera proteus, providentia and morgenella to break down urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia therefore it is a useful test to help distinguish these genera from other gram negative rods during identification. Urease test is carried stunned by incubating urea broth with samples of gram negative cultures. The presence of ammonia increases the pH so turning the phenol red indicator to a pink-purple colo ur for a positive test (Harvey and Champe et al, 2001). The gelatin hydrolysis test identifies the ability of bacteria to produce gelatinases which can help identification of serratia and proteus. The citrate utilisation tests the ability of the bacteria to utilise citrate as its carbon and energy source used in general to identify gram negative bacteria.Indole, methyl red- Voges- protease test and fermentation of glucose, saccharose and lactose are also test that are conducted to help promote with identification of bacteria. Indole test is preformed to test the ability of bacteria to breakdown amino acid tryptophan and produce indole that can be detected using Kovacs reagent. This method is important in the identification of gram negative enterobacteria. Methyl red-Voges- Proskauer on the other hand are two tests that are conducted together as they both require the use of the same medium. The methyl red test identifies the ability of the bacteria to carry stunned mixed acid fer mentations whereas the VP test determines whether the bacteria fermenting sugars via the butanediol pathway by testing for the by-product acetoin. These tests are also useful in differentiating between members of the enterobacteria such as E. coli (Wong, 2005). The ability of bacteria to ferment carbohydrates is also a way to discriminate them during identification as fewer bacteria are able to use disaccharides like lactose and sucrose as a source of energy. This can be detected by checking for release of gaseous by products and metabolous chemicals that are released during the process of oxidation and fermentation of sugars. These tests described in the context above were carried out under standard conditions and results were recorded.ResultsTable 1 shows test results for Colony Morphology for 10 unknown bacterial cultures A to J.Table 2 shows test results for 18 different bacterial identification tests for unknown cultures A to J.Urease, indole, citrate, oxidase, methyl red and V oges-Proskauer test were only carried out for gram negative strains of bacteria and the endospores were only tested for gram positive bacteria. Microphotographs showing cell morphologies and gram (+/-) strains for cultures C, D and F are shown in the appendix. For culture C it can be seen that the cells are arranged in grape like structures whereas C is arranged in packets of four. It can also be seen that culture F it can be seen that the cells were single and in chains.Discussion beingness A and B are both gram positive rods that gave positive results for anaerobic, catalase and endospores test however they can both be differentiated as organism B is brown in colour and a glucose fermenter whereas organism A is orange tree in colour and a non-glucose fermenter. Organism B was in a cooked meat liquid broth which also indicates that the bacterium maybe part of the clostridium species that have a few pathogenic bacteria that are responsible for food poisoning and tetanus. Organism A is therefore Bacillus Cereus some bacterium in this species are harmless whereas others are pathogenic that may cause foodborne illnesses such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Organism C has the morphology of macabre yellow cocci clusters arranged in packets of four. It is a gram positive bacterium that also shows positive results for glucose fermentation and the catalase test show characteristics of Staphylococcus species which include pathogenic bacteria that causes skin infections, pneumonia and food poisoning. Organism C appeared in clusters that were grape like and is also a gram positive cocci and has a positive result for catalase however it does not ferment carbohydrates but shows positive test results for their metabolic chemical produced and hereby conveying characteristics of Micrococcus species these bacteria are very rarely disease causing and if so some may cause chronic cutaneous infections (Breed and Murray, 1957). Organism E has a white instantly mycelial morph ology and it is a gram positive glucose fermenter therefore it is a part of the Streptomyces genera that are known to inhibit the soil and causes the common scab in get back vegetables.Organism F is a clear gram negative rod bacterium that is glucose and lactose fermenter and produces metabolic chemicals for glucose, lactose. It also produced negative results for tests urease, gelatin, oxidase, Voges-Proskauer (VP) and indole however it showed positive results for catalase, citrate and methyl red and anaerobic tests as shown in figure 2. Analysing these results organism F can be identified as Escherichia coli that consist of many different strains some of which can cause urinary tract infections, diarrhoea, anaemia and even kidney failure. Organism G is a gram negative rod that produces metabolic chemicals for all three carbohydrates glucose, lactose and sucrose however bubbles were only present for lactose and sucrose. It also shows positive results for tests urease, indole anaero bic and VP but negative results for catalase, oxidase, gelatin and methyl red. Organism G showed similar results to organism F however unlike organism F it is urease positive therefore it can be a bacterium from the genus Proteus genera that also contain a few pathogenic bacteria that can cause urinary tract infections, kidney stones and cystitis. Organism H is only a glucose fermenter but does not produce any metabolic chemicals. It demonstrates positive test results for urease, gelatin, citrate, anaerobic catalase and oxidase but negative for both methyl red and VP as well as indole tests. It is possible that this bacterium maybe be a part of the Pseudomonas genera with different bacterial strains that may cause respiratory tract infections, dermatitis and bone and interchangeable infections.Organism I is also a gram negative rod and had a clear pigmentation on an agar medium that is a glucose fermenter but however it produces metabolic chemicals for glucose, lactose and sucrose. It also produces positive results when being tested for citrate, anaerobic, catalase and methyl red but not for urease, gelatin, indole, oxidase and VP this indicates that organism I could be Salmonella typhimurium a pathogenic bacteria that causes gastroenteritis that leads to diarrhoea. Organism J is another gram negative bacterium that produces no bubbles for glucose, lactose or sucrose fermentation but produces metabolic chemicals for glucose and sucrose. It is also positive for gelatin, citrate, anaerobic, catalase and VP however it is negative for urease, indole, oxidase and methyl red tests. The red pigmentation of the bacterial culture and the other tests results indicates that organism J maybe Serratia marcescens that are associated with many different types of diseases some of which include bacteraemia, sepsis and meningitis. In order to conduct more specific identification of these bacteria further tests can be carried out that will help to distinguish each bacterium mor e accurately. Other tests that can be carried out include starch hydrolysis, lipid hydrolysis, motility (SIM) deeps, genus Beta galactosidase, nitrate, coagulase, mannitol salt, osmotic pressure and haemolysis.ReferencesBarrow, G. I., Feltham, K. A. R. (1993). Crowan and Steels manual for the identification of medical bacteria classification and nomenclature. 1-6. coupled Kingdom Cambridge university press.Breed, R. S., Murray, G. D. E., Smith, N. R. (1957). Bergeys manual of determiner bacteriology. 695- 800. United States of America Baltimore Williams and Wilkins co.Cullimore, D. R. (2000). Practical atlas for bacterial identification initial stages of the identification of the bacterial culture. 1-7. United States of America CRC press LLCHarvey, R. A., Champe, P.C., Fisher, B.D. (2001). Microbiology identification of bacteria. 24-27. United give tongue to of America Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.Janda, J.M., Abbott, S. L. (2002). Bacterial identification for publication when enough is enough? Journal of clinical microbiology. Vol. 40 no. 6, (1887-1891).Wong, T. (2005). Introduction to microbiology laboratory exercises for Allied Heath students The IMViC tests. 48-50. United States of America Author House.AppendixCulture C Culture DCulture F

Market strategy and business overview of boots

Market scheme and c commensurate overview of bootsBoots has too introduced new services. Boots Opticians, formed in 1987 has become unmatched of the UKs leading chains of opticians. Insurance services and initiatives in dentistry, chiropody, Boots for Men stores and Internet services were introduced in 1999.The first Health and witness take stores, whirl services such as homeopathy, osteopathy and a range of beauty treatments, were opened in autumn 2000.Boots Healthc be International exports healthc be carrefours in more than than 130 countries round the world. Boots Health and spectator stores ar now established in Ireland, Thailand, Japan and Taiwan.There are eight diametrical channeles in The Boots Company, different in size, different in type and different in their business cultures. Such diversity means that they have unriv either(prenominal)(prenominal) tolded career opportunities in a wide variety of disciplines for pot who deliver excellent performance.Boots is a learning organization, they encourage their people to strive to improve their skills and develop end-to-end their careers.STRATEGY merchandise MANAGEMENT merchandise management is a business discipline which is focused on the practical application of commercialiseing techniques and the management of a planetary houses commercialiseing resources and activities. Marketing managers are often responsible for influencing the level, timing, and composition of guest demand accepted definition of the status. In part, this is because the role of a selling manager can take off significantly based on a business size, corporate culture, and intentness context. For example, in a bouffant consumer produces club, the foodstuffing manager may act as the overall general manager of his or her assigned product.From this perspective, the scope of commercializeing management is quite broad. The implication of such a definition is that any occupation or resource the firm uses to acqu ire customers and manage the fellowships relationships with them is within the purview of marting management.MARKETING STRATEGYMarketing strategy is a method of instruction an organizations energies and resources on a course of action which can lead to appendd gross gross revenue and dominance of a targeted commercialise niche. A trade strategy combines product development, promotion, distribution, pricing, relationship management and different elements identifies the firms marketing goals, and explains how they will be achieved, ideally within a stated timeframe. Marketing strategy determines the choice of target market constituents, positioning,marketing mix, and allocation of resources. It is most effective when it is an integral component of overall firm strategy, defining how the organization will successfully get customers, prospects, and competitors in the market arena.Corporate strategies, corporate missions, and corporate goals. As the customer constitutes the so urce of a companys revenue, marketing strategy is closely linked withgross revenue. A key component of marketing strategy is often to keep marketing in line with a companys overarchingmission statement.Once the company has obtained an adequate understanding of the customer base and its own competitive position in the industry, marketing managers are able to make key strategic decisions and develop a marketing strategy designed to increase the revenues and profits of the firm. The selected strategy may aim for any of a variety of specific objectives, including optimizing short-term unit margins, revenue growth, market parcel of land, long-term profitability, or other goals.MARKETING STRATEGY OPTIONOne of the key elements of a successful marketing strategy is the acknowledgment that your existing and potential customers will fall into extragroupsorsegments, characterized by their needs. Identifying these groups and their needs through market interrogation, and then addressing tho se needsmore successfully than your competitors, should be the focus of your strategy. You can then create a marketing strategy that makes the most of your strengths and matches them to the needs of the customers you want to target. For example, if a particular group of customers is looking for quality first and foremost, then any marketing bodily function aimed at them should draw attention to the high quality of your products or service.The gets of a planned marketing strategy are numerous. Business owners often rely just on their intuition to make business decisions. While this informal knowledge is important in the decision making process, it may not provide you with all the facts you need to achieve marketing answers. A marketing strategy will help you in defining business goals and develop activities to achieve them.WILSON, GILLIGAN AND PEARSON in strategic management, readily admit that there is no standard definition on strategy but high lights three level of strategy.Co rporate Level governance Dealing with the allocation level resources thought out the entire organization, covering all of the various businesses or division.Business Level Strategy This exits at the individualist business or division level and is concerned with the question of competitive positioning.Function Level Strategy Which is limited to the actions of specific functions within specific businesses.Boots is a member of Alliance Boots, an international pharmacy-led health and beauty group. Our purpose is to help our customers look and feel better than they ever thought possible.Our customers are at the kernel of our business. Were committed to providing exceptional customer and patient care, be the first choice for pharmacy and healthcare, offer innovative products only at Boots, with great value our customers love.Our people are our strength and they tell us that Boots is a great place to work. We aim to always be the employer of choice, attracting and retaining the most t alented and passionate people.Market matrixThe market matrix is a tool that helps businesses to decide their product and market growth strategy.http//www.franteractive.net/resources/Ansoff- ground substance.GIFThe above diagram shows market matrix overly known as Ansoff product which is a series of suggested growth strategies that lot the direction for the business strategy.1. MARKET PENTRATION (Existing market, existing products)Market penetrationis one of the four growth strategies of theProduct-Market exploitation Matrixdefined by Ansoff Market penetration occurs when a company enters/penetrates a market with current products. The best way to achieve this is by attracting competitors customers (part of their market share). Other ways include attracting non-users of your product or convincing current clients to use more of your product/service (by advertising etc). Ansoff developed theProduct-Market Growth Matrixto help firms recognise if there was any advantage of entering a market.Market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectivesMaintain and increase the market share of current products- this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising , sales, promotion and more resources dedicated to personal selling. underwrite dominance of growth market.2.MARKET DEVELOPMENT (New Market, Existing Products)You can grow by leveraging your product knowledge to reach new customers. More than likely, you have pass time and silver developing your product and service offering. Assuming youre happy with your current offering, extending it into new markets is a logical next step. This is aptly called amarket development strategy. If you have identified potential new markets as opportunities, use these strategies to reach them. Here are some quick considerations to make before slaying a market development strategyIs the market attractive? (To really answer this question, I recommend some form of market research to authorise your gut feeling.)Are you willing to commit the required time and resources to reach this new market?Can your business be adapted to the new market?Will you maintain your current competitive advantage in this new market?3. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT (Existing Market, New product)New Product Development is the term used to describe the complete process of bringing a newproduct service to market. There are two parallel paths involved in the NPD process one involves the idea generation,product designand detail engineering the other involves market research andmarketing analysis. Ideas for new products can be obtained from raw material research using aSWOT analysis(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities Threats), Market and consumer trends, companys RD department, competitors, focus groups, employees, salespeople, corporate spies, trade shows, or Ethnographic discovery methods (searching for user patterns and habits) may also be used to get an insight into new product lines or product features.4.DI VERSIFICATIONS New Market, New Products)Diversificationis a form of corporate strategy for a company. It seeks to increase profitability through greater sales volume obtained from new products and new markets. Diversification can occur either at the business unit level or at the corporate level. At the business unit level, it is most likely to expand into a new segment of an industry which the business is already in.It is a process where a business markets new products in new markets.This is the most risky strategy because the business is moving into markets in which it has little or no experience.For a business to adopt a diversification strategy, it must have a clear idea virtually what it expects to gain from the strategy.SWOT analysisStrengthsPrice cuts are attracting customers especially in beauty and toiletries.Boots is still above high street average, despite all the short-comings being reported. huge locations, with a prime pitch on every high street. Meaning that Boots is accessible to potential customers, this is highly important when taking into account the 4 Ps.firm labour workforce which is highly essential to every business, this could be a major tool when trying to refocus and achieve the overall objectives.The current share price is 667.0p on 8 Nov and has risen since October 28 when it was valued at 657.5p. This initiates growth in sales due to external factors such as temper change and more susceptibility to illness that this causes.WeaknessesOver diversification which has led to a loss of focus from the core operations of the business.It seems from the article in the nonparasitic newspaper that Boots are reliant on sun cream as a star product, however the British weather is know for its instability sum good summers are not guaranteed, this has ultimately led to a reduction in profits.390 million was spent on revamping the company could this money have been spent in other areas of the business that may have been more profitable?Some cus tomers feel that Boots is too expensive, thus suggesting price elasticity however the novel price cuts in different parts of the business might have refered the price quality reputation amongst customers, who feel this is important.900 job cuts from head function and possibly more if finances deteriorate. This might have an adverse effect on the reputation amongst stakeholders.OpportunitiesCompete through head on pricing although this could be risky according to reports.Does Boots need all their chain branches? An audit and cost-benefit analysis should be conducted along with market research to identify which branches are doing the best and which areas would benefit from the store or which areas are overly concentrated with Boots stores. Therefore taking action by reducing the number of stores and focusing on improving the terminal of stores would reduce costs and provide essential capital that could be reinvested in other parts of the business.ThreatsAbolition of the resale pri ce maintenance has increased competition.If internet sales of drugs continue to grow, Boots could lose a significant proportion of its market share.Changes in supply chain and systems within the company could hinder growth rate in the next 12 months.Porters 5 forces analysis warlike rivalryThe retail market is filled up with high competitors as more and more companies are trying to step into the Health Beauty industryAll the other retailers have different competitive advantages.Boots reach in different stores allows it to reach large number of customers.The other factors which compete with the Boots bank is different banks and building societiesBarriers for entryBarriers to entry is high due to a number of factorsFirstly, company looking to set up its business in UK requires lots of investment, brand development, which takes years to establish.Secondly, company in retail sectors are increasing, which itself means there is very less find out for any new entrances.Local knowledge is required for a new business in order to establish, which is highly difficult for new firms to replicate.Threats of SubstitutesThe threats for newcomers or substitutes is less, as the consumers views that as a necessity, especially in the developed world.The retail market is always trying to look around for new innovations with respect to Health Beauty products, alternative businesses. As a result of which it is difficult for substitution.The only major threat of substitute is an internal industry threat, wherein one supermarket can lap up the business of other supermarkets.Buyers causalityBecause of the presence of too many competitors in the retail Health Beauty sector selling the same product, buyer power is high in the industry.During the time of recession consumers wants are taken into more demand, thereby increasing their power.Supplier powerSuppliers in itself is huge company providing products to the supermarkets.If the products are not sold, consumer will shift loyaltie s, making suppliers more powerful. And also when the products do not reach the supermarket, sales do get affected hugely.CDocuments and SettingsSonyDesktopporters_five_forces_lg.gifCompetitive strategy by Michael PorterPORTERS GENERIC STRATEGYMichael Porter had argued that a companys strength depends on two headings cost advantage and differentiation. By applying these strengths three generic wine strategies resultCost leadership specialityFocusCost leadership strategyCost leadership is a strategy built on offering a customer a lower pirce than competitors and maintaining an advantage by ensuring the cost are lower than those of competitors.Factories are built labor is recruited and trained in all sorts of knowledge for the lowest cost of production. In the process cost advantage is the focus.However low cost not always allows low price. Producers could price at competitive parity, other than the competitors. For example, such as Toyota, are good in producing autos at a low price, but have the brand and marketing skills.Differentiation strategyIt is a strategy that involves offering a product which is different to, is differential from, those of competitors. The advantage of the product will appeal to the whole market and not in a narrow segment.The company that succeeds in differentiation strategy often follows the internal strengthsAccess to scientific researchHighly skilled and creative development team.Strongly sales team with the ability to successfully communicate the perceived strengths of the products.Corporate reputation for quality and innovation.FocusThe focus strategy strives on a narrow segment and within that segment tries to achieve either a cost advantage or differentiation. A company following the focus strategy often enjoys a high degree of customer loyalty, and this in turn leads to more customer lifetime value.The focus strategy has two variants.In cost focus a firm seeks a cost advantage in its target segment, while inDifferentiation focu s a firm seeks differentiation in its target segment. Cost focus exploits differences in cost behavior in some segments, while differentiation focus exploits the special needs of buyers in certain segmentsA company following narrow market focus and pursuing a focus strategy, have lower volumes of bargaining power with their suppliers.A company following differentiation focused strategy may be able to pass higher costs on to customers since close substitute products would not exist.Firms that succeed in a focus strategy are able to lead a broad range of product development strengths to a relatively narrow market segmentFinally, other focusers may be able to cut up out sub-segments that they can serve even better.TASK-2 blighterLE analysis is in effect an audit of an organizations environmental influences with the purpose of using this information to guide strategic decision-making. The assumption is that if the organization is able to audit its current environment and assess potenti al changes, it will be better placed than its competitors to respond to changes.PESTEL ANALYSIS FOR BOOtS PEST1. POLITICAL FACTORSPolitical factor is always affected any kind of business. The government always make changes in tax insurance, labour law policy and trade restrictions. Increasing globalization, gives challenges and opportunities to Boots. Using this company can enter into new markets through partnerships.2. ECOMOMIC FACTORSInflation chances are really high that if inflation occurs then the prices of each pack will rise. When a country enters an inflation stage then their money would be less worth, and companies will higher the prices, consumers have less money to spend on goods, and that will be a major blow the economy. The country might put prices higher on exports, but other countries system buy them anymore and go find a cheaper one. Exchange rates play a very big role in the marketBecause of the food crisis all over the world, can result in the purchasing cost of the company, which in turn can increase the Health Beauty Product prices which affects the purchasing power of the consumers. Because of credit crunch, the consumers purchase power would decrease, but they would still consider that as its basic necessity.Lot of incentives is given to the consumers. This affects Boots as prices have to be reduced most of the quantify3. SOCIAL FACTORThere seems to be more attention on fresh and easy style cooking. This gives Boots an opportunity to encourage new Health Beauty Product.Recently government has given more emphasis to promote healthy eating because of the increasing obesity. As a result the consumer would move on to healthy eating which in turn will be an opportunity to Boots to stock in more of healthy Health Beauty Product and as a result of which there would be an increase in consumers number.4. TECHNOLOGY FACTORThe internet phenomenon seems to be growing more rapidly. Boots can use internet for its advantage. Standing in the queue system for few items in the shopping market is time consuming. By installing the self checkout machines it can reduce the queue system for which the customer would not have to wait for few items which in turn will increase the sales for Boots.5. ENVIRONMENTALIt should be mandatory to reduce light speed footprint and increasing energy efficiency. One of the important and ethical issues is, like sales of organic food and ethical treatment of animals, this can clearly affect Boots on various levels. This is a sensitive issue. This can be done by maintaining on the public stand and environment.6. LEGALAs per legal the company makes sure that the product is right for the customers. They do all sorts of checks before it is brought forward to the customers.The current UK grocery market is highly regulated in many aspects, which is normally in the developed countries. The recent inquiry by OFT could act as one example, which would potentially reduce the profitability of the supermarkets. Moreover, Trade Union would also protect employees to receive lack benefits, and this would make the grocers difficult to lay off employees.MARKET PALNNING FOR BOOTSAmarketing planis a written document that lucubrate the necessary actions to achieve one or more marketing objectives. It can be for a product orservice, abrand, or aproduct line. Marketing plans cover between one and five years. A marketing plan may be part of an overallbusiness plan. Solidmarketing strategyis the foundation of a well-written marketing plan. While a marketing plan contains a list of actions, a marketing plan without a fit strategic foundation is of little use.MARKETING MIXThe structure of the facts book will be designed to match the specific needs of the organization, but one simple format suggested by Malcolm McDonald may be applicable in many cases. This splits the material into three groupsReview of the marketing environmentA remove of the organizations markets, customers, competitors and the ov erall economic, political, cultural and technical environment covering developing trends, as well as the current situation.Review of the detailed marketing activity A study of the companysmarketing mix in terms of the 7 Ps (see below)Review of the marketing system A study of the marketing organization,marketing researchsystems and the current marketing objectives and strategies. The last of these is too frequently ignored. The marketing system itself needs to be regularly questioned, because the validity of the whole marketing plan is reliant upon the accuracy of the input from this system, and garbage in, garbage out applies with a vengeance.7Ps of MARKETING MIXOnce youve developed your marketing strategy, there is a Seven P Formula you should use to continually evaluate and reevaluate your businessactivities. These seven are product, price, promotion, place, packaging, positioning and people. As products, markets, customers and needs change rapidly, you must continually return t hese seven Ps to make sure youre on track and achieving the maximum results possible for you in todays marketplace.1. PRODUCT To begin with, develop the habit of looking at your product as though you were an outside marketing consultant brought in to help your company decide whether or not its in the rightbusinessat this time. Ask critical questions such as, Is your current product or service, or mix of products and services, appropriate and suitable for the market and the customers of today?2. PRICES The second P in the formula is price. Develop the habit of continually examining and reexamining the prices of the products and services you sell to make sure theyre still appropriate to the realities of the current market3. PROMOTION The thirdly habit in marketing and sales is to think in terms of promotion all the time. Promotion includes all the ways you tell your customers about your products or services and how you then market and sell to them.4. PLACE The fourth P in the marketi ng mix is the place where your product or service is rattling sold. Develop the habit of reviewing and reflecting upon the exact location where the customer meets the salesperson. Sometimes a change in place can lead to a rapid increase in sales.5. PACKING The fifth element in the marketing mix is the packaging. Develop the habit of standing back and looking at every opthalmic element in the packaging of your product or service through the eyes of a critical prospect. Remember, people form their first impression about you within the first 30 seconds of seeing you or some element of your company. Small improvements in the packaging or external appearance of your product or service can often lead to completely different reactions from your customers.6. POSITIONING The next P is positioning. You should develop the habit of thinking continually about how you are positioned in the hearts and minds of your customers. How do people think and talk about you when youre not present? How do people think and talk about your company? What positioning do you have in your market, in terms of the specific words people use when they describe you and your offerings to others?7. PEOPLE The final P of the marketing mix is people. Develop the habit of thinking in terms of the people inside and outside of your business who are responsible for every element of your sales andmarketing strategy and activities.RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONI think the current Boots Distribution Channel is very limited. The only place youll find their product is in a local Boots store . I think they should expand their channel like I have summed up earlier. I would have placed vending machines throughout whole UK, outside each super market. To survive in such a competitive market place, Boots must continue to build a noticeable brand in order to create a strong differentiation in the market, attract customers with a credible value proposition and to constantly engage customers in ways that would ende ar them to the brand and to the companyMy evaluation for this is that Boots is in a very good position, but if it needs to gain more customer they need to make more product, not as in output, but new products.

Dylan Thomas Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Dylan Thomas Dylan Thomas was born in Wales during the First origination War. Raised in Swansea, the smug darkness of a provincial town(Treece 37), Thomas was educated as an Englishman. At the age of seventeen, Thomas left inculcate and opted to forgo the university and became a writer immediately. He published his first book, 18 Poems, in 1934. His skill and artistic ability astounded critics. This slim, black covered, gilt-lettered bardic bolt of lightning(Treece ix) put Thomas on the literary map. Unfortunately, this poetic genius succumbed to alcoholism at the age of thirty-nine. In his short lifetime, Thomas published some of the near disturbing and touching literature of the century. The poetry of Dylan Thomas is his way of expressing and confronting the good and evil aspects of the world that troubled him to the grave. In his youth, the poetry and folklore of his native Wales fascinated Thomas. He mimicked their styles and composed stories of his own. Although his father i nsisted that Thomas attend a university, he adduced the example of Bernard Shaw(Ellmann 510) and decided to pursue his dream of becoming a professional writer. He felt that continuing his education would only stand in the way of his dreams. Thomas first attempt at becoming a poet, 18 Poems, fulfilled this ambition. jam-packed with enough poetic dynamite in it to shake young writers and critics for a decade(Treece ix), 18 Poems supplies an excellent exhibition of Thomas struggle with reality. Its works ar full of twisting and turning images that present the conflicts of the world. In The Force That through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower, Thomas comments on the role of nature as two the creator and the assassin. As the creator, nature is The force ... ...my individual struggle from darkness towards some measure of light(Treece 39). It is poetry full of graphic, detailed images of nature and the wave-particle duality of the world. Thomas saw the world in terms of good and evil. T his belief forced Thomas to stride on two levels(Treece ix). It was not possible for him to deal the beauty of nature without discussing its ugliness as well. As a result of this view of reality and the world around him, Thomas poetry is an unconducted tour of hell(Treece ix).Works CitedEllmann, Richard and Robert OClair. Modern Poems. New York W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1989.Emory, Clark. The World of Dylan Thomas. Coral Gables University of Miami Press, 1962.Thomas, Dylan. Quite one Early Morning. New York New Directions Publishers, 1960.Treece, Henry. Day Among the Fairies. Los Angeles Norwood Publications, 1978.

Was Christianity the key to the downfall of the Vikings :: Essays Papers

Was Christianity the key to the subduefall of the VikingsWhen I think of the words that quarters Vikings I would think of barbaric, having no mercy, and great explorers. Words that describe a Christian to me are trustworthy, considerate, helpful, and peaceful. The descriptions of words I described for Viking and Christians have basically opposite meanings. So as Christianity was implemented on the Vikings they became more civilized. The branch of conversion of Christianity happened slowly. (? Book has two authors for the book and then two different authors for this story?)(Roesdahl and Wilson 187). The strength of the Viking was having no fear of death also no function or wrong with the way death was committed. The Bible was began to be followed at the end of the Viking era.(The total structure of this sentence is messed up.) I wonder how much Christianity unnatural the downfall of the Vikings, below I did some research on the topic. The Viking era existed from 800 BC to 1200 B C (From Viking to Crusader). (This is supposed to be cited with the author name and varlet in brackets.) The Vikings have three main religions throughout there period of existence. Each of the religions affected the character of the Vikings in a big way. Polytheism was the belief the Vikings had in the beginning of there existence. Paganism and Christianity came towards the end of the Viking era. Christianity arrived during the 10th and 11th BC (The Viking to Crusader). Polytheism was the most heavily practiced religion the Vikings had. The main idol of the Vikings was Odin who was the god of war wisdom and poetry (Viking Fury). There isnt much documentation from history about Odin and other gods of the Vikings. Odin was mirrored by the Vikings to be a great warrior, and be poets. Vikings felt it was an honor to die in battle because Odin would be grateful (Viking Fury). Paganism was another religion of the Vikings. Through the theme on Rune Stones Viking women appeared to have fo llowed paganism before the Viking men did.(The Viking woman are thought to have mixed views on Nordic Paganism since they were looked down upon according to some researcher other researchers said that Viking men followed paganism first. Since the belief of who followed paganism in the Viking culture first, men or woman is super debatable among researchers I left this out.

Tibet Essay -- Country Government Essays

TibetAbstractThe purpose of this paper is to give a descriptive account of the current atrocities being enforced by the Communist Chinese in the unlawfully booked state of Tibet and the events, political and militant, that gave rise to these events since Communist Invasion and occupation in 1959. I visualize to give a brief description of the political, legal, and military issues as well as the human rights violations that have occurred since 1959. This paper will convey my deep insolence towards human suffering, especially genocide and the apathetic response to it, the highest atrocity of man in my opinion. Facts about Tibet.14,000 feet above sea level, high in the Himalayan Mountains lies Tibet, an occupied colony of the Peoples Republic of chinaware. This small state consists of 6,000,000 Tibetans, 99% of whom illegally practice Tibetan Buddhism, called Mahatlayan, and an undetermined number of Chinese colonists. The national language is Tibetan, though the impudent official language is Chinese. The economy is maintained by agricultural and animal husbandry, practiced by the Tibetans, and governmental commerce and service, practiced by the Chinese, who are straight off estimated to outnumber the native Tibetans. There are, in a sense, two governments of Tibet. The first is the Communist regime, headed by Party officials. The second is the government-in-exile being held in Dharamsala, in northern India, a stateless republic led by the Dalai Lama. Overview of Chinese Invasion and Destruction of Tibet 1949-1959.During the establishment of a new Communist government in 1959, China sent an expeditionary force to Tibet in 1959. Tibet was forced to sign a treaty that acknowledged Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, though Ti... ...cMillian. 1960. Goldstein, Melvyn. History of ripe Tibet, 1913-1951. London, University of California Press 1989. United States House Committee on International Relations Current status on negotiations between the Tibetan government in exile and the Peoples Republic of China Hearing before the C.I.R., House of Representatives, 105th Congress, November 6th, 1997, Released by Washington U.S.G.P.O., 1998. Chinas Public Relations Strategy on Tibet www.afn.org/afn20372/pol/bp.html (5-4-09) Tibetan Studies WWW Virtual Library www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-TibetanStudies.html (5-4-09) Home Page of Tibet www.omni.cc.purdue.edu/wtu/tibet/Welcome.html (5-4-09) Tibet www.asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/tibet/ (5-4-09) In the Court of His Holiness The Dalai Lama www.tibet.com/ (5-4-09)